Ethics †Morality Essay

5. FAIRNESS. Ethical executives strive to be fair and just in all dealings. They do not exercise power arbitrarily nor do they use overreaching or indecent means to gain or maintain any advantage nor take undue advantage of another’s mistakes or difficulties. Ethical executives manifest a commitment to justice, the equal treatment of individuals, tolerance for and acceptance of diversity. They are open-minded; willing to admit they are wrong and, where appropriate, change their positions and beliefs. A person who is caring exhibits the following behaviors: * Expresses gratitude to others * Forgives others * Helps people in need * Is compassionate A person who is fair exhibits the following behaviors: * Is open-minded and listens to others * Takes turns and shares * Does not lay the blame on others needlessly * Is equitable and impartia A person who is trustworthy exhibits the following behaviors: * Acts with integrity * Is honest and does not deceive * Keeps his/ her promises * Is consistent * Is loyal to those that are not present * Is reliable * Is credible * Has a good reputation . FAIRNESS Fairness is a tricky concept. Disagreeing parties tend to maintain that there is only one fair position – their own. But while some situations and decisions are clearly unfair, fairness usually refers to a range of morally justifiable outcomes rather than discovery of one fair answer. Process A fair person uses open and unbiased processes for gathering and evaluating information necessary to make decisions. Fair people do not wait for the truth to come to them; they seek out relevant information and conflicting perspectives before making important decisions. Impartiality Decisions should be unbiased without favouritism or prejudice. Equity It is important not to take advantage of the weakness, disadvantage or ignorance of others. Fairness requires that an individual, company, or society correct mistakes, promptly and voluntarily. 5. CARING Caring is the heart of ethics. It is scarcely possible to be truly ethical and not genuinely concerned with the welfare others. That is because ethics is ultimately about our responsibilities toward other people. Sometimes we must hurt those we care for and some decisions, while quite ethical, do cause pain. But one should consciously cause no more harm than is reasonably necessary. Charity Generosity toward others or toward humani heerfulness The quality of being cheerful and dispelling gloom Generosity Liberality in giving or willingness to give Helpfulness The property of providing useful assistance or friendliness evidence by a kindly and helpful disposition PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY Another basic customer right involves our taking personal honesty and responsibility for the products and services that we offer. There’s probably no issue that will more seriously affect our reputation than a failure of responsibility. Many ethical disasters have started out as small problems that mushroomed. Especially in service businesses, where the ‘‘products’’ are delivered by individuals to other individuals, personal responsibility is a critical issue.

Food Inc. Case Study Essay

1. How has technology been applied to the food production process? Give/describe at least 3 examples. In the last 50 years, technology has completely changed the way we eat. When we think about farming, we think red barns, green grass, free-roaming animals, etc. Farming, now-a-days, is far different than the image the industry has lead us to believe. Farming has become a highly industrialized and mechanized business. The reality is our food is no longer coming from farms; it’s coming off assembly lines in factories, just like automobiles. Due to the high demand for certain types of foods, technology has allowed us to change the way we grow our food. Through genetic engineering, scientists have been able to introduce genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) into the food system to help with the shortage of food. Take for instance, the chicken. In 1950, it took farmers 70 days to raise a chicken. Now, it takes half the time, only 48 days. Not only can farmers grow chickens faster, they can grow them to be bigger. To meet the needs of consumers’ preferences for white meat, scientists made specific changes to the chickens’ DNA that made it possible to redesign the chicken to have larger breasts (Wikipedia.org). Another area where technology was applied to our food production process was through crops. In the 1930’s scientists developed a hybrid seed for corn, this hybrid had stronger stalks that resisted being blown over and it allowed farmers to plant the crop closer together (Food, Inc. Discussion Guide). Resulting in higher yields, â€Å"100 years ago a farmer in America could grow maybe 20 bushels of corn on an acre. Today, 200 bushels is no problem† (Food, Inc.). With the surplus of corn, scientists were able to develop more uses for it. A couple of examples include corn-based ethanol fuel, high-fructose corn syrup, maltodextrin, etc. Even though the technological advances mentioned above are astounding, one can’t help but wonder how these changes are aff ecting society. 2. How has business influenced government in the agricultural / food industry? Give at least 3 examples from the documentary. Monsanto has influenced government in many ways when it comes to the agricultural / food industry. Michael Pallon, an American author / journalist / activist, states â€Å"There has been this revolving door between Monsanto’s corporate offices and the various regulatory and judicial bodies that have made the  key decisions.† (Food, Inc.). For example, Justice Clarence Thomas (1991 – Present) was an attorney for Monsanto from 1976 – 1979 and wrote the majority of the opinion that refused farmers from cleaning and saving their own seed (Food, Inc.) Monsanto also had very close ties to the Bush and Clinton Administration. These ties eliminated the political debates over the extreme change in our food system. â€Å"For the last 25 years, our government has been dominated by the industries that it was meant to be regulating† (Food, Inc.). Take for example, Michael Taylor King, a Spaulding lawyer from 1994 – 1991. He advised his client, Monsanto, on GMF labeling. Then in 1991, he became the Deputy Commissioner for Policy and oversaw the FDA’s decision not to label GMF’s. As stated in the film, there is too much centralized power. Farmers are going into more and more debt with each year passing and what’s truly sad about the whole situation is they have no control over the businesses they worked tooth and nail for. 3. What is the FDA’s most current policy on genetically engineered foods? If you use a quote, then use two paragraphs or more to support the quote.  According to Noelle Cremers with the California Farm Bureau the FDA’s most current policy regarding genetically engineered foods is as follows, â€Å"And if I can point out the reason that we are concerned with labeling is it creates unnecessary fear in a consumer’s mind. Until the industry has an opportunity to educate why we want to use this technology and the value of the technology, we don’t feel that consumers just having a warning label will help them† (Food, Inc.). The problem with this is it violates consumer’s rights. As stated in the â€Å"consumer’s Magna Carta† that was spelled out by President John F. Kennedy, consumers have four basic rights, the right to be informed, the right to safety, the right to choose, and the right to be heard (Carroll and Buchholtz 392). The FDA is violating at least three of consumer’s rights by not labeling for GMO’s. Starting with the right to be informed, which â€Å"refers to the consumer’s right to know about a product, its use, and the cautions to be exercised while using it† (Carroll and Buchholtz 392). Without labeling, consumers have no clue what they are consuming, they are not informed. Next, the FDA is violating consumer’s right to safety which refers to concerns of  a product being dangerous (Carroll and Buchholtz 392). Even though GMO’s were discovered in the 1970’s, approximately 40 years ago, there is little to no research proving these products are safe for us to consume. Are they trying to cover up the fact that they are dangerous? Lastly, they are not allowing consumers the right to choose. Without full disclosure of GMO’s, how can one make an accurate choice? As far as the right to be heard, the FDA is hearing consumer’s desires and grievances towards the labeling of GMO’s, they’re just not listening. 4. What evidence do you see in the documentary that business is taking a more proactive, socially responsible stance to food production? To prove it is possible for businesses to have a proactive, socially responsible stance in the way food is produced, the documentary focused on two companies, Polyface Farms and Stonyfield Farms. Joel Salatin, owner of Polyface Farms, is hitting the nail on the head when it comes to being a socially responsible business owner. He’s upholding his economic responsibility to be profitable. He may not be striving to have his food sold at Wal-Mart, but he is charging customer’s fair prices for the quality of food he is providing. Polyface Farms is being legally responsible by obeying all laws. Although, the United States Department of Agricultural did try shutting them down because their operations are open to the air and it is considered to be unsanitary. However, he had his workplace cultured at a local microbiology lab and the results averaged 133 colony forming units, where the cultures from stores averaged 3600 colony forming units. In microbiology, colony-forming unit (CFU) is an estimate of viable bacterial or fungal numbers. Unlike direct microscopic counts where all cells, dead and living, are counted, CFU estimates viable cells (Wikipedia.org). Lastly, Polyface farms is withholding there ethical standards high. Some could argue that killing animals for food is wrong, but that is a completely different subject. The company is showing respect to the planet, their workers, the animals, and their consumers. In the documentary Joel Salatin states, â€Å"I mean, a culture that just views a pig as a pile of protoplasmic inanimate structure to be manipulated by whatever creative design that humans can foist on that critter will probably view individuals within its community and other cultures in the community of  nations with the same type of disdain, disrespect and controlling-type mentality.† (Food, Inc.). That statement alone proves he is ethically responsible. The documentary also focused on Stonyfield Farms as a socially responsible company. Gary Hirschberg, the COO of Stonyfield Farms states, â€Å"When we started out, we were a seven-cow farm. We wanted to prove that business could be part of the solution to the globe’s environmental problems. At the same time we had to prove that we could be highly profitable† (Food, Inc.). Stonyfield is the third largest yogurt brand in America, and they are the most profitable, e.g. they’re being economically responsible. The company is proving to be ethically responsible by providing organic yogurt, quality products, to the consumers at a responsible price, and you can tell in the documentary that their animals are being treated with respect. The cows were roaming free and were very clean, the farm had red barns that were kept nicely, and the grass was green. More and more companies today, are sprinting into the organic business. They are starting to realize that consumers are waking up and seeing behind the veil the food industry has put up. Consumers want to be healthy, be respected as both consumers and worker, and they want to preserve our environment for future generations. Works Citied Carroll, Archie B., and Buchholtz, Ann K. Business and Society: Ethics, Sustainability, and Stakeholder Management. 8th ed. Mason, OH: Cengage, 2012. â€Å"Colony-forming Unit.† Wikipedia.org. 4 February 2014. 18 March 2014 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony-forming_unit> Food, Inc. Dir. Robert Kenner. Perf. Robert Kenner; Richard Pearce; Eric Schlosser; Melissa Robledo; William Pohlad; Jeff Skoll; Robin Schorr; Diane Weyermann; Elise Pearlstein; Kim Roberts; Michael Pollan; Gary Hirshberg; Joel Salatin; Mark Adler. Los Angeles, CA : Magnolia Home Entertainment, 2009. DVD. â€Å"Food, Inc. Discussion Guide.† Takepart.com. 15 March 2014 â€Å"Genetically Modified Food.† Wikipedia.org. 17 March 2014. 18 March 2014 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food >

The Distorted Images in Heart of Darkness - 4513 Words

The distorted images in Heart of Darkness Abstract In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad exposes the evil of the imperialism and pays sympathy to the oppressed Africans. But affected by imperialist ideology, he serves as a racist and a defender of the imperialism when he attempts to condemn the colonizers. This paper will be analyzing the distorted images in Heart of darkness from the perspective of post-colonialism and Orientalism theory. The present paper is divided into five parts: Part 1 is a brief introduction of the author as well as the main idea of the novella. It also makes a clear the writing purpose of the thesis. Namely, to reveal and study Conrad’s imperialist thought in light of the analysis of the distorted images in the†¦show more content†¦Achebe says that â€Å"Heart of Darkness portrays the image of Africa as ‘the other world,’ the antithesis of Europe and therefore of civilization, a place where man’s vaunted intelligence and refinement are finally mocked by triumphant bestiality†. (15) Savagery and primitiveness which are the distorted images of Africans are evidently represented in the novella. 2.1 The distorted African men. 2.1.1 The word â€Å"nigger† Conrad’s attitude toward the black natives can easily be found from his vocabulary usage. When he describes the natives, he seldom uses the common word â€Å"blacks† to show his respect toward them. For him, they are no more than â€Å"niggers†. According to Dorothy Hammond and Alta Jablow the word â€Å"nigger† had fallen into disrepute by the 1880’s, so there is little doubt that Conrad would have been aware in 1898 that the word â€Å"nigger† was insulting (53). But, he still uses it in his novel. Conrad expresses deep sympathy for the native blacks, but he appears to accept the inequality between white people and black people. Conrad would not use the word â€Å"brother†, and the farthest he would go was â€Å"kinship† in Heart of Darkness (Achebe 11). Recognizing this fundamental flaw in Conrad, Achebe thus labels the white European author a â€Å"thoroughgoing racist† (11). The na rrator in Hear of Darkness is Marlow not the author Conrad. But actually, Marlow is the speaker of Conrad, whose narration shows the attitude of the author. Achebe says that â€Å"Marlow seems to me to enjoyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Heart Of Darkness By Chinua Achebe1364 Words   |  6 Pages In Chinua Achebe’s essay, â€Å"An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad s Heart of Darkness,† Achebe purports that Joseph Conrad’s short story, Heart of Darkness, should not be taught due to it’s racist caricature of Africa and African culture. In Conrad’s book, Marlow, a sea captain, is tasked with venturing into the center of the Congo, otherwise known as the Heart of Darkness, to retrieve a mentally unstable ivory trader named Kurtz. Marlow narrates his adventures with a tinge of apathy for the enslavedRead MoreThe Heart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad973 Words   |  4 Pagesgroups, but the image of Africa that is portrayed in modern media via the news, television and movies is completely different. Most media sources depict Africa as being a single country filled with villages of starving children that always have flies on their faces. This image usually comes from commercials that are trying to play on the viewer’s sympathy by emphasizing th e idea of Africa needing help from western countries such as the United States of America. Another distorted image of Africa canRead MoreImaginary Maps By Mahasweta Devi And Heart Of Darkness1636 Words   |  7 Pages The darkest of hearts is the most ignorant and tormented. The human capability of being evil and hateful is undeniable. As a species, humans can be selfish, vicious creatures. For these reasonings the theories of good and evil exist to separate humans into two sub groups of personalities. As it seems, everyone is capable of evil, and everyone is capable of good. In the novel Imaginary Maps by Mahasweta Devi and Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, the readers are thrust into colonized and post-colonizationRead MoreAnalysis of Sylvia Plaths Mirror1281 Words   |  6 Pagespower of the truth. Truth is always true, impossible to be distorted. It can drive us crazy, can make us happy or upset. We can be afraid of it, but we’re always eager to know it. Nothing hurts like truth. That’s why truth tellers always appear to be alone: Most of the time I meditate on the opposite wall. It is pink, with speckles. I have looked at it so long I think it is a part of my heart. But it flickers. Faces and darkness separate us over and over. Read MoreEmily Brontes Wuthering Heights Essay983 Words   |  4 Pages 1. What techniques are used in the characterization of Heathcliff? Effects? Heathcliff is associated with evil and darkness from the beginning of the novel. I felt his black eyes withdraw so suspiciously under their brows. (1) When Lockwood sees Heathcliffs garden (perhaps a symbol for Heathcliff) the earth was hard with a black frostÂ…the air made me shiver throughRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness 1713 Words   |  7 PagesMonth: January 2014 Name: Faris Khan Period: 3 Title: Heart of Darkness Author: Joseph Conrad Date started/date completed: 1/19 - 1/28 Pages read: 96/96 (Including the ten page introduction, 106/96) Rating of book (1-10): 9/10 Above you rated this book. Explain in detail why you gave this book that score: Author Joseph Conrad uses a very interesting method of narration in his novel, Heart of Darkness. The novel itself is written in first person, from the perspective of an unnamed sailor aboardRead MoreAraby tone1031 Words   |  5 Pagessimile, extended metaphor, and religious imagery. Joyce’s word choice both provides insight into and encapsulates his feelings regarding blind love and infatuation. In particular, the protagonists effusive claim that â€Å"at times a flood from [his] heart seemed to pour itself out into [his] bosom† serves to hint at the narrator’s belief that his childhood actions were foolish and insane. Other instances of dramatic diction can be seen in the use of absolutes such as â€Å"a single sensation of life† andRead MoreAnalysis Of Pablo Picasso And The Three Dancers1201 Words   |  5 Pages During heart-breaking times, the despair can sometimes be revealed in the form of dance. Artists often work this art form into their paintings, sculptures, music videos, and drawings, revealing how the power of dance can reflect upon those emotions. Likewise, in the painting Les Trois Danseuses, more commonly known as The Three Dancers, the artist, Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) portrays three distorted dancers. The painting w as created between Picasso’s Cubism and Classicism periods, in the year ofRead MoreThe Use of Language in Chapter 47 of Charles Dickens Oliver Twist1341 Words   |  6 Pagesalready ‘death’ is in the reader’s thoughts and minds. Animal imagery is applied to depict Fagin, and is used numerous times within the first two paragraphs of chapter 47 ‘less like a man’, ‘old lair’. The reader can immediately image this monster- like man with a ‘distorted face’ who is up two hours before day-break feeling troubled and thinking up schemes to save himself. In this scene it becomes very apparent the polar opposites between all of the main characters. As Fagin goads Noah to tellRead MorePhilippine vs. Anglo-Saxons Short Stories1239 Words   |  5 PagesShort Stories also had similarities in terms of character development and world views. The conflict in each of the characters of the short stories supported the flow of events that happened eventually. Emily in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, pressed by the image of her coming from the elite family, led her to kill the man she loved who could not possibly love her back. Badoy and Agueda’s disillusionment from love in â€Å"May Day Eve† proved that their love for each other wasn’t as strong as they had thought. Both

Essay On Love And Respect - 1964 Words

Love , honor and respect Yourself First for healthy, happy living Are there some relationships in your life that just take more work to maintain than you re enjoying? Do you find yourself wanting to be compassionate and be able to listen in a caring way but it s just not supporting you and the kind of life you want to have? Psychotherapists advise patients that fostering exlove and respect is the most important factor in maintaining healthy family bonds and for other personal relationships . The twist in this love/respect equation is equation is if the other person isnot reciprocating? How is it possible to get along and create a healthy relationship when one person refuses to, or for some reason can t, put†¦show more content†¦can think of honoring ourselves in many different ways. defines it as â€Å"accepting all parts of ourselves: â€Å"the good and bad, the perfect and imperfect, the disappointments and triumphs.† According to somatic psychotherapist Lisa McCrohan, MSW, given our current culture, it means living our lives around what’s most sacred or important to us — instead of based on â€Å"the time on the clock.† For self-acceptance and self-love coach Miri Klements it means being honest with herself and acknowledging what is true for her. It means treating herself with compassion, understanding, gentleness, acceptance and love. For so many of us all of that is hard to do. It may feel foreign. Unnatural. It’s hard to accept all our parts. It’s hard to prioritize what’s important. Do we even know what important is? It’s hard to treat ourselves with compassion and even more so, with love. Part of this is because we simply haven’t been taught and trained to honor ourselves, Klements said. Maybe we grew up with parents or caregivers who were struggling with their own wounds and traumas, she said. Maybe you heard a lot of: â€Å"Don’t be so selfish. It’s not all about you. What is wrong with you? Get over it already. That’s ridiculous to feel that way. Enough. You don’t really feel that way! Stop crying now. Can’t you see I’m busy?† McCrohan sees many people in her practice who hold destructiveShow MoreRelatedPeace, Love, Unity, Respect Essay664 Words   |  3 Pagesto abide by. P.L.U.R (peace, love, unity, respect) is the new doctrine of the rave community. P.L.U.R is the thing that separates raving from its frequent stereotypes. Ravers come to an event to share great music, and take their minds away from the reality of everyday life. However, how often is it when there isnt a fight at a bar? Doesnt that mean that it should be twice as vicious at a so-called rave? Typically it is not a problem, because of the respect factor. At a rave everyone is equalRead MoreAnalysis Of On Self Respect By Joan Didion1660 Words   |  7 Pageslater. In Didion’s essay, â€Å"On Self-Respect,† she uses different rhetorical appeals in an attempt to perfectly portray what it means to value, respect and live with one’s self. Consistent with most of her other essays, this essay presents a confusion of the â€Å"American Dream,† overarching themes of disconnect between individuals and their respective societies, and, most powerfully, utilizes express ions of anxiety and fear to make Didion’s argument come to life. In â€Å"On Self-Respect† Joan Didion exercisesRead MoreAnalysis Of Why I Am Still Want A Wife By Judy Brady1515 Words   |  7 PagesIn her essay titled â€Å"Why I [Still] Want a Wife†, Judy Brady argues that wives are automatically assigned the role of primary caretaker and homemaker in a traditional marriage. Brady states that in her marriage, she is expected to earn an income while her husband pursues a higher education, she is expected to perform all parental duties exclusively, tend to all housework, her husband’s sexual needs and desires with no regard to her own, and be a hostess while keeping quiet and doing all the aboveRead MoreWhy Chinese Mothers Are Superior1526 Words   |  7 PagesYale law professor Amy Chua presents a harsh comparison of Chinese and Western ideas of child rearing in her essay entitled â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers are Superior.† This essay is an exce rpt from her controversial 2011 book entitled Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mom and was published as an op-ed in a 2011 edition of The New York Times. In this essay Chua strives to challenge the readers’ idea of Chinese mothers and the way that they choose to effectively raise their children, and to present the reader withRead MoreAnalysis Of Didion s On Self Respect1612 Words   |  7 PagesIn Didion’s emotional yet dominant essay, â€Å"On Self- Respect,† found in Slouching Towards Bethlehem, she defines the true meaning of value to oneself, while indicating that reactions of weakness and humiliation, based on the approval of bystanders, inhibits true acceptance. Her work was published in 1968 by Farrar, Straus, and Giroux to an American magazine Vogue, in a time when many intellectual Americans believed they were standing at the dawn of the Golden Age. The emergence of The Human PotentialRead More Woman in the Nineteenth Century, by Margaret Fuller Essay1125 Wor ds   |  5 PagesWoman in the Nineteenth Century, by Margaret Fuller In her essay, Woman in the Nineteenth Century, Margaret Fuller discusses the state of marriage in America during the 1800‘s. She is a victim of her own knowledge, and is literally considered ugly because of her wisdom. She feels that if certain stereotypes can be broken down, women can have the respect of men intellectually, physically, and emotionally. She explains why some of the inequalities exist in marriages around her. Fuller feels thatRead MoreEssay On Arranged Marriage1094 Words   |  5 Pagespeople agreed upon by other individuals, typically both sets of parents. This is not to be confused with a forced marriage, where the parents put together an arrangement involving their kids, without them having a say in it. In Anjula Razdan’s â€Å"What’s Love got to do with it?† she discusses the reasons on why our methods of seeking a partner do not work; this includes focusing on our emotions and pleasures, which often result in divorce. Furthermore, she discusses how â€Å"most people lack basic relationshipRead MoreAnalysis Of `` On Self Respect `` By Joan Didion1077 Words   |  5 PagesDear I’ve read a few essays in the past two weeks and learnt a lot. When I put two of those essays together, their different and yet similar ideas have triggered my new concepts about individual and public. And I would love to share that with you. â€Å"We are peculiarly in the thrall to everyone we see, curiously determined to live out -since our self-image is untenable-thief false notions us.†- Joan Didion â€Å"On Self-Respect†.Didion, in his essay, states that to alien from self is to toRead MoreExpository827 Words   |  3 Pagesthe rattlesnake†¦. (176) In this quote Grice start with first person in place and with the repetition of â€Å"I† so that the reader can get the attention into it. Grice’s purpose in the â€Å" Black widow† essay is to inform the audience about the widow’s life style. He shows inspiration, fascination, respect and love for widows. He furthers his purpose by using rhetorical strategies throughout his text. Grice’s uses imagery, metaphors, similes, personification, tone, figurative language and repetition. Read MoreWhat Is Good Parenting?1339 Words   |  6 Pagesparents have to raise their children. So, the questions is, they are good parents or not and what is the criteria of good parenting. There are so many good parenting’s criteria. Steven Levy, a famous American journalist that born in 1951, in his essay â€Å"Motivate your child† he talk about his understanding about criteria of good parenting, â€Å"Good parents condition their children to reach their best potential. They reward the children for their performances and are continuously encouraging and motivating

Risk Assessment And Safety Management System - 1267 Words

Risk Assessment (RA), Accident Investigation (AI) and Safety Management Systems (SMS) are all valuable tools in a total Risk Management program. They can each be used in a different way in order to manage and reduce an organizations risk. My organization uses each of these three in our program to accomplish different tasks and objectives. Before looking at how my organization uses these tools, we must first understand these tools individually and how they work together. Accident Investigation (AI) is one part of a Risk Assessment and Safety Management System. Patrick A. Michaud gives three definitions for an accident: â€Å"†¦.an undesired event that results in physical harm to a person or damage to property†¦an unwanted interruption of a†¦show more content†¦Accident Investigations should ask the questions of who, what, what, when, where and how and should focus on fact not opinion. The investigation report should include interviews, a summary of events, caus es and contributing circumstances and suggested corrective actions. To understand Risk Assessment and Safety Management, we must first understand risk. Wilder defines risk as: â€Å"The possibility of injury or loss; the presence of a dangerous element or operational factor, known or unknown (Wilder, 1997, p. 4).† Angle defines risk as â€Å"the resultant outcome of exposure to a hazard† and as â€Å"†¦anything bad that could happen to an organization (Angle, 2005, p. 48).† Basically, risk is something that can cause an injury, illness or loss rather you know the danger exists or not. Risk Assessment (RA) is more common term used for Risk Analysis. Both of these terms can be used to describe the same or very similar process. â€Å"Risk analysis is the systematic use of available information to identify hazards and to estimate the risk to individuals or populations, property or the environment (Commission, 1995).† â€Å"Risk assessment is the overall process of risk analysis and risk evaluation (Commission, 1995).† Another term for Risk Assessment is a Job Hazard

Transportation Modes Paper free essay sample

However, the process can be quite extensive and involves many logistical and supply chain challenges. These emphasizes the importance of transportation egoistic, The operation of transportation determines the efficiency of moving parts. The progress in techniques and management principles improves the moving load, delivery speed, service quality, operation costs, the usage of facilities and energy saving. Transportation takes a crucial part in the manipulation of logistics and a proper transport implements and techniques to link the producing procedures. (online, www. Agitated. Mom). What does all of that mean? The bigger picture is this: transportation plays a major logistical role for companies, governments, and consumers across the oral. Would you want to pay the extra charges to ship your new couch all by itself from Italy to your front door? Most people would answer no to that question. We all rely on sophisticated logistical planning to ensure that the costs of our products are not overwhelmed by the cost to transport them. We will write a custom essay sample on Transportation Modes Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The chart below sows, the components of logistics costs based on the estimation from the Air Transportation Association .. His analysis shows that transportation is the highest cost, which occupies 29. 4% of logistics cost. . The transportation cost here includes the means of transportation, iridous, containers, pallets, terminals, labors, and time. (online, www. Agitated. Com). The first challenge that a company must face when approaching the delivery logistics Of their product is to decide what mode of transportation is best for them. There are many things that should be considered when trying to answer this question. Every company is faced with the challenge of choosing the most appropriate form of transportation for their product.According to Johnson and Wood, We have surveyed the essential operating characteristics of each transportation alternative Every manager must decide which transportation m* will best meet the companys objectives. They go on to say that the four basic and most important characteristics to be considered are speed, dependability, capability, and fuel efficiency. (Johnson and wood, 168) It is important to all companies that their products arrive in a timely manner. Customers are not patient and expect products at their finger tips. In order to keep up with the competition companies must not let their reputation of speedy delivery faultier. Modern society tends to shorten physical distances between people by the design of more and more advanced technical aids. Aspiration towards better mobility of people, services and assets is in the background of every technical, organizational and most, if not all, of todays other systems, states AGITATED. (online, womb. Agitated. Com). The quicker companies can get items to the shelves or to the consumer the better. AGITATED continues, There is no business, or indeed almost no human activity, without a direct or indirect connection with certain traffic activities and needs.Economic growth, changes in fiscal politics, e-trade, consumer protection, ecology all these, and many more, are factors which generate the need for goods and services. Where there are logistics designs you will find corresponding traffic demands. Now this importance of speedy delivery must also be weighed against the costs. It may be faster to build your own runway and fly your own jets to and from with your product but the financial practicality of that is not realistic for most companies. Another characteristic that is important for all companies to consider when choosing their mode to transport product is dependability.Choosing the fastest aircraft may not always guarantee that your product will arrive faster than if it was sent by another mode such as road transport. If it takes 3 hours f air time to fly your product from Florida to New York, but eight out of ten of your scheduled flights are delayed or cancelled in the winter due to bad weather conditions in New York, you may not find that the benefits of the speedy aircraft are actually worth the lack of dependability. Once shipments get behind there is a domino effect on all other logistic al timeliness in your supply chain that will require adjusting. Our ever emerging use Of technology has allowed many companies to over come obstacles in the way of their dependability. Today a number of GIS applications for transport and logistics exist ; and the number is rising. GIS has been use daily and worldwide for the efficient connection, harmonistic and management of all transport processes in an ever rising number of companies. Solutions, such as intelligent routing plan, satellite fleet management, distribution area planning and management of infrastructure resources are just a few examples in a wide palette of GIS supported solutions for transport and logistics. (online, www. Agitated. Com Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is one of the most important advances in transportation logistics to enable better dependability for the arrival of goods. One of the most familiar types of GIS many of us have in our own personal vehicles called the GAPS. They are used for many purposes and have many different capabilities from directions to traffic updates. Companies across the world strive to stay on top of the latest GIS technology. The GIS technology helps to give them an extra edge in speed and dependability over many of their competitors.Capability should always be considered and should often be the first thing a company considers. If you have a certain type of product that is either too large or prohibited by a particular mode Of transport then you can automatically eliminate that mode as an option. Capability refers to the size, weight, and variety of products that the mode can physically accommodate, (Johnson and Wood, 169). Barges are often used for extremely large products. For example, NASA typically uses barges to transport Rockets and other space program equipment not because of their weight but their size.Fuel efficiency continues to be a hot topic across the Globe. Not only do every day people consider fuel efficiency when traveling, but so must companies when choosing the best mode of transport for their product. The rice of fuel fluctuates and cause prices for the modes of transportation that require high volumes of fuel to rise. For each gallon of fuel a pipeline consumes, barges require 1. 2 to 2. 3 gallons to move the same load the same distance. Then comes railroads, which require 1. 5 to 2 gallons; trucks which need 6. To 10 gallons; and airplanes which require 43 to 93 gallons to perform the same amount of work, (Johnson and Wood, 169). As you can see fuel consumption varies quite a bit between the different transportation modes. I can not mention fuel efficiency without touching on the environmental issues that companies of today must consider when choosing the mode of transport for their goods. According to the U. S. Department of Energy s Annual Energy Review, Industrial and transportation sectors- account for sixty-one percent of U. S. Carbon Emissions. With these kinds of numbers companies have a social and ethical responsibility to consider the environment when out lining the logistics to their supply chain. As transportation and logistics systems continue to integrate, their impacts on the physical environment (air, water, and land resources) will become more complex. Coping with the environmental impacts will require the remonstration industry and its customers and stakeholders to move from strategies based on regulatory compliance to those emphasizing proactive environmental management. Proactive management of environmental issues requires corporations to identify: (1 ) the interactions among transportation activities that have negative environmental impacts, (2) the types of environmental impacts emanating from transportation operations and facilities, and (3) alternative means of controlling and preventing environmental pollution and natural resource degradation, writes Professor Dennis Reenrolled from the University of North Carolina. Online, www. Centerpieces. Com ).Basically, companies and governments must be conscientious and make efforts to ensure their strive for speed, dependability and capability does not come at extreme environmental costs. Some of the damages may not be precedent right now but the long term effects can be devastating. We all have a responsibility to look out for the present and the future. While keeping all of the mentioned factors in mind, a company must then take a closer look at the 5 modes of transportation and their pros and cans. The use of roads for transporting goods has been around since the stone ages.Originally paths and trails were traveled by foot and goods were transported on human backs and heads. Evidence of street paving can be dated back to BBC. Cobblestones and wood paving were created to reduce highways and dust in cities. In the nineteenth century Tar-bound and concrete paving were established which brings us to the modern paved roads of today. (online, w. Vow. Wisped. Org) One advantage to choosing road transport for your goods is that it is cheap in comparison (only if congestion does not cause issues). Road transport can also be considered convenient. There are many route options when using roads.You can use your own company vehicles or you can use a ground freight service. There are many companies out there competing for your freight business. Access to vehicles is not as difficult as other modes of transportation which can help with costs. Easy access to roads also makes schedules very flexible. You can arrange for pick ups and drop offs around the clock. You are not limited to prearranged schedules. If you miss a deadline it is quick and easy to arrange a new pick up. If you have in-house vehicles then anytime you are ready to transport the roads can be traveled.Some disadvantages to using roads as our mode of transport is that safety concerns are high considering the number of accidents on the road today, and you can be subject to delays from road congestion. These delays can cause unneeded stress on your drivers and often cost you money when deliveries do not arrive on time. Clothing, computers, books, groceries, produce, and live stock are some the most common products used by road transport. Along with road transport, water transportation has been around since the early evolution of humans. Boats and watercraft have been used to transport and retrieve goods.Oceans, coasts, seas, lakes, rivers, and channels all serve s routes for water transport. In the sasss centralization emerged and ships became a top contender for transporting goods in bulk. Today, there are more than 17,700 Kilometers of commercially important navigation channels in the lower 48 states. (online, www. Hydroelectrically. Com). Water transport remains the cheapest mode of transportation for large volumes. Because of the physical properties of water conferring buoyancy and limited friction, maritime transportation is the most effective mode to move large quantities of cargo over long distances, (online, www. People. Hoofers. Du). Although the previous statement is true companies do find drawbacks to using water transport. Loading times and travel speed can be slower than other options which can off set the advantage to being able to transport more at a time. You are also at the mercy of inflexible routes and set time tables. Not to mention, there are a relatively low number of ports. Most of the time if you are using water transport you will also require another form of transportation to get the product to the Customer. Chemicals, bauxite, grain, motor vehicles, and agriculture implements are common products carried on waterways. One of he most popular and well known products to utilize water transport is oil. As a result of being a popular mode of transport for extremely dangerous and non-environmentally friendly goods water transport has found itself under much scrutiny in the past due to the devastation caused by isolated accidents. Most Americans still remember the headlines and stories associated with the 1989 Exxon Valued Oil Spill. Wisped recounts, The Exxon Valued oil spill occurred in the Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 23, 1989.It is considered one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters ever to occur a sea. As significant as the Valued spill was, it ranks well down on the list of the worlds largest oil spills in terms of volume released.. .. The vessel spilled 10. 8 million U. S. Gallons (about 40 million liters) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil into the sea, and the oil eventually covered 1,300 square miles (3,400 km) of ocean. (online, www. Waking. Org). Since this accident and others regulations and changes have been made to hopefully help prevent this type of grand disaster in the future.Dildos, the first wagon (a predecessor of the railway) is said to have been used in Greece around BBC. In 1803 the Surrey Iron Railroad opened and is considered to be the first public railway. As investors and inventors continued to brainstorm the ideas and potential for the railroads became a hot topic. It was not until 1825 that the success of the Stockton and Darlington Railway proved that the railways could be made useful to the general shipping public as to the colliery owner. The railway broke new ground by using rails made of rolled wrought iron. (online, www. Wisped. Org).Improvements continued over the next century. From the birth of Diesel and Electric engines, we now have the massive railways yester of today. Railroads are typically one of the fastest modes of transportation you can choose. They move at impeccable speeds and are seldom faced with stops. Railroads are also viewed as one of the more environmentally friendly modes of transportation. Most importantly railroads offer the highest capacity for land transport. It is said that the largest recorded load was 23,000 tons of coal. One of the biggest disadvantages to railroads is that you are limited In the route options.Railways have been built to connect cities and they do a wonderful job of that, but there are not many options on which route you can cake to get from place to place. Railroads are not set up like roads. They are better compared to Interstates that make a straight shot. As a result of the number of rails, you are often stuck with few options when it comes to schedules. Trains share the tracks but you can only ride one at a time, so you are sometimes at the mercy of another train. Unlike roads where you might choose an alternate route to avoid traffic, railroads only offer one way to get there.If there is another train held up in front of yours there is no other choice than to just wait it out. Railways are Often viewed as unreliable when it moms to arrival times because of their inflexible routes. Some of the most common goods transported by railroads are coal, grain, lumber, heavy equipment, paper and pulp products, and chemicals. CSS is one of the largest railroad companies in the US. Executive Vice President of CSS, Clarence Goode describes the importance of railroads in the following statement, Railroads serve as the circulatory system of the U.S. Economy. Efficient and reliable rail transportation is one of the genuine competitive advantages that U. S. Businesses have in the global economy. (online, www. CSS. Mom Railroads are the safest and more environmentally friendly than any other mode of land transport CSS emphasizes their fuel efficiency in the following statement, Everything about our operation is designed to reduce fuel consumption and improve the quality of our air. Steel wheels rolling on steel rails is the most efficient way yet devised to move goods from place to place.The fact is, our trains can move a ton of freight 436 miles on a single gallon of fuel. Can you beat that? (online, FWIW. CSS. Com). Over all those are some pretty impressive numbers. Most Americans would love to eave a personal vehicle that would get 436 miles per gallon! The Wright Brothers took first flight in Kitty Hawk, NC in 1903. However, it was not until 1 910 that Americans actually used an aircraft to transport goods. A bolt of silk was shipped from Dayton to Columbus. This shipment was timed against the railroad express and reports were released that the air shipment arrived faster.During the mid 1 asss many airlines began shipping cargo and parcel. Over the years the government has played a vital role in the existence Of all airline companies. Government regulation began in 1 925 tit Airmail Act which allowed the CSS Government to pay commercial airlines to transport mail. Mail delivery at the time was a major money maker for most airlines and they began cut-throat bidding for airmail routes. To avoid this type of cut-throat business the McCann-Waters Act of 1930 was passed and it allowed the post Office Department to review the accounting practices of mail carrier lines.The Airmail Act of 1934 prohibited carriers from purchasing other airmail companies. This was a law put in place to prevent a monopoly situation. For the next 30 years more and more regulations were UT on airlines of all types. The government regulated all Interstate Carriers and enforced the concept that, economic regulation of airlines should be in the interest of the public. (online, www. Confidentiality. Gob). The CAB was formed to carry out these regulations. All airlines had to seek approval form the CAB for certificates that enabled them to start up or expand.The CAB would use their power to approve and disapprove based on economic needs and demands of time. The CAB could only enforce economic regulations on the interstate airlines. If the airline only flew with in a state they were not abject to CAB regulations. This also helped to eliminate a monopoly situation from occurring. As the regulations stacked up a movement to deregulate airlines emerged. In 1 978 the Airline Deregulation Act was passed. This Act ended most economic regulation in a series of steps over several years, and directed that CAB cease operations by the end of 1984 (online, www. Internationalists. Gob). The passing of the Deregulation Act of 1978 was crucial for all airlines. In addition to the end of the CABs economic regulation on the airlines, the safety regulations were passed on to the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA). The FAA continues to hold tight safety and environmental regulations on airlines. Some of the most prominent regulations are as follows: 1. Fuel venting and Exhaust 2. Noise Standards 3. Preventative Maintenance 4. Training Qualification for Pilots and Crew 5. Special Licensing Human Space Flight Requirements 6. 7.Experimental permits 8. Financial Responsibility 9. Insurance Coverage The list goes on and on for safety and environmental regulations enforced by the Many companies were hesitant to use air freight carriers because of all the government regulation. By the sasss a new freight company had bread its wings and was seeing astronomical success. Federal Express had over 75 aircraft and reported over $1 billion In revenues in 1983. Other competitors such as UPS also found great success at the turn of the century. In 2001 , UPS Airline was the 9th largest airline in the U. S.Air transport can be considered the fastest mode of transportation in some situations. If a company is looking to ship goods long distance air transport can most of the time guarantee the quickest delivery. However, if the goods are being shipped a shorter distance air transport may not be the best choice due to the required loading time. Air is also limiting on the number of routes available. There are not airports around every corner in the world. Companies also have to consider the time schedules that they are bound to when using air transportation for their goods. Delays are unfortunately common in airports due to weather.When one plane runs behind it can mess up flight schedules across the Globe. Like trains who share the railroads, planes must also share the runways. These delays can cause some companies to feel that air transport is not dependable when it comes to delivery times. Air transport is also one of the most expensive modes of rainspout and airport taxes can be outrageous. Due to high altitudes, size and weight constraints air transport is not always suitable for all goods. Some of the most common goods being transported by aircraft are flowers, food, technical instruments, emergency parts and equipment, and overnight mail.However, according to The Environmental Literacy Council, Airplanes and other modes of mass transit are also becoming more popular, for both freight and personal travel. Aviation is currently growing faster than any other transport sector, and carries nearly 40 percent in value of all global trade. In 2003, 1. 7 billion passengers flew the skies and demand is projected to triple by 2025 (online, womb. Environmentally. Org In 1863, Dimmitt Meddle first introduced the idea of using pipes to transport goods. In his particular case, he was considering pipes to transport petroleum.Since then, pipeline transport has been used to transport liquids and gases through pipes. However, there are some cases where pipes have been used to transport solid capsules by the use of compressed air. There are three different types of pipelines. The first two are gathering pipelines and distribution pipelines which are used to transport goods smaller distances. The third type is transportation pipelines which are mainly long pipes with large diameters moving products between cities, countries, and even continents.These transportation networks include several compressor stations in gas lines or pump stations for crude and multipurpose pipelines (online, www. Absolutenesss. Com). Companies can consider pipelines as a very dependable mode of transport. It is a safe and economical way to carry goods quickly and on time in congested urban areas by underground transportation lines (online, www. Cargo. Mom). The major drawback to pipeline transport is its accessibility. There are just not many pipelines in place to transport goods. The most common goods transported via pipeline are oil, processed coal, and natural gas.There is a new mode of transportation on the rise. You may not find it listed in text books but it is inevitably making its way into the transportation line-up. The information highway or also know as the Internet continues to simplify and provide instantaneous delivery of many forms of information. What use to be sent by letter in the mail or currier is most often sent by email today. The Internet is not an option for most companies as a delivery method for their product, but for those that can use the Internet they have a fast, reliable, and environmentally friendly option just a click away!As companies and government consider all of the pros and cons associated with the different modes of transport they must also consider the option of outsourcing their transportation needs. A local furniture manufacturer may find that it is more cost efficient to purchase their own small fleet of delivery trucks than it is to rent or outsource their delivery needs altogether. However, an exotic fur retailer who has customers all over the world might decide that it is ridiculous to purchase their own planes or boats to transport their product overseas an d they would most likely outsource their transportation needs.This type of outsourcing is normally called Third Party Logistics (PL). Dishonor Memento explains one of the largest advantages to PL, Likewise, by outsourcing logistics activities, firms can save on capital investments, and thus reduce financial risks. Investment on logistics assets, such as physical distribution centers or information networks, usually needs rage and lump sum costs, which involves financial risks. Furthermore, the PL providers can spread the risks by outsourcing to sub-contractors. . (online, w. Vow. Subsections. Bent. Com).Just because you are an expert in infant highchairs does not make you and expert in transport nor does it mean that you have to become one either. The biggest disadvantage to PL is finding a partner that cares as much for your goods as you do. The process Of finding a PL partner can be time consuming, but in the end may allow you to concentrate more on your product and less on the supply chain logistics associated with transporting your product. Finally, the last concept in choosing a transportation mode that I would like to mention is that of intermeddle transportation.It is the use of various transportation modes. Intermeddle transportation has become more popular and almost a necessity with the advancement of Globalization. This is another area that many companies find most effective to ultimately outsource their transportation logistics especially when intermeddle transportation is needed. It would seem almost impossible to get those Italian grapes from the field in Italy to the wine glass in my living room using only en mode of transportation. Planning that journey can be very difficult.Choosing the right modes Of transportation can present a large challenge and companies spend extreme time and money developing the best and most efficient transportation plans for their products. An entire industry of transportation logistics has emerged to satisfy the ever growing needs and expectations of people and companies. We expect to go onto a computer and click a few buttons and have products delivered directly to our door the next day. If you had tried to explain this sort of efficiency to someone seventy vive or even fifty years ago they would have had an extremely hard time grasping what you were trying to explain.

Nike Essays - Nike, Inc., Employment Compensation, Labour Relations

Nike The athletic apparel industry in which Nike is involved is a major money maker in the United States, but the fact that none of the factories are located in North America has brought some heat to the company. Nike controls more than 40 percent of the U.S. Market for sports related goods, but doesn't have a single sneaker factory in this country (Miller 1). Nike continues to make millions of dollars yet exploits workers overseas by paying them very little, while requiring long hours without overtime pay in factories that are not up to ?American? standard. Nike subcontractors employ nearly 500,000 workers in plants in Indonesia, China and Vietnam (Saporito 1). The exploitation of workers in Third World counties, where the majority of Nike's labor is done sparks a controversial issue. People question why is it that Nike continues these practices. According to ?Just do it, Nike,? Nike seems especially fond of doing business in undemocratic countries like China and Indonesia, where the military can be relied upon to ?crack heads? if workers get out of line (Miller 2). The military monitoring has been a large controversy due to the fact that these are often Chinese working against other Chinese workers, or Vietnamese against their own people also. For Nike there are two benefits: it it's a cheap way to monitor in an overseas factory and it creates a sheaper labor workforce. In turn making the labor cheaper for Nike. This makes it possible for Nike workers from the states to work on other things and only tour the factories when nessecary. While still assuming a stable workforce without good pay. The critics of Nikes labor practices have taken tours and witnessed the mistreatment firsthand. Time magazine reported saying,? The plants were found to be modern and clean, well lighted and ventilated and paying a decent wage by local st andards?although by no means are they trouble free. Make no mistake: these are factories not amusement parks, and even in developing Asia, where jobs are scarce and getting scarcer, this is not the job of choice.? (Saporito 1) The wages that the workers overseas are paid is nothing when compared to how much we pay for a pair of shoes or the profit that CEO Phil Knight is making off his sportswear giant he once operated out of the back of his car as a college student. ?A big issue that surrounds sweatshops is wage. The minimum wage often does not reflect the cost of living.? (Hepner Online) Is the wage fair? There are many people who feel the wage is fair and the cost of living is taken into account when the wage is looked at, but studies show otherwise in many factories. Just recently, CNN reported a raise to entry level workers in Indonesia, Nike officials said ?the increase will raise the minimum monthly compensation package?which includes bonuses, housing, healthcare, transportation and meal allowances to approximately $37.14 a month.?(Nike Establishes Labor? Online) To many people living in the U.S., that package may sound good however the compensation package doesn't do away with the long hours, the poor conditions or the low rate of pay. Many of these workers are young children working to help support their families. The benefits do not make up for the low pay rates that keep them in the work force. The pay is only enough to get by where these children want to be saving in order to leave the factories and return home. In ?Taking a Look inside Nike's Factories?, part of Bill Saporito's, ?Can Nike Get Unstuck this is what was found. ?Americans pay $100 for a pair of shoes that a worker gets less than $3 a day to make. They pay Michael Jordan $40 million to endorse them. Can't they find more money to pay the workers? The short answer is no, because corporations pay the going rate for labor whereever they are.? (Saporito 1) If this statement is true Nike pays the wage for the country the factory is in, then what is the controversy about? Much of it stems from the overtime that these workers are forced to work without over time compensation. Here in the United States there are regulations placed